Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences (JEAS). Abdallah et al., 2014. Volume 1: 1
Open Access – Research Article
 Estimation of Repair and Maintenance Cost of a Tractor Base on HP and Working Hours: Case Study of Sudan
Farid Eltom Abdallah 1,2*, Ding Weiming 1, Mohamed Hassan Dahab 3,4, A.E. Idris 5, Mohammad Alhadi 6
1 Department of Agricultural Mechanization, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University,210031, Nanjing, China
2 After Sell Services Department, Danfodio Commercial Company, Sudan
3 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shamat 13314, Sudan
4Â Head of Blue Nile University, Blue Nile province, Sudan – 79371
5 Giad Industrial Groups –GIG-, Center Of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
6 Department of Climate Change, UNESCO Water Institute, Inndyr 8140, Norway
Abstract: A field survey was carried out in Gezira Scheme, Blue Nile State and North Kordofan State, to collect the data for tractor repair and maintenance costs, and annual hours of use of four selected models of Farmtract type tractors farmtrac80 (FT80), farmtrac70 (FT70), farmtrac60(FT60) and powertrac55 (PT55). The results showed significant (P> 0.05) differences between repair and maintenance costs in different systems of tractors. The lowest cost was recorded in the electrical system of the tractor FT 80, while the highest cost was recorded for the engine. For the tractor (PT55) the lowest cost was recorded in the hydraulic system and the highest cost was recorded in transmission system. Different mathematical regression models were also developed for accumulated repair and maintenance cost prediction such as linear, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic and power. The power model was created. The derived models indicated that the accumulated repair and maintenance costs as percentage of initial purchase price was increased as the accumulated hours of use increased for the four selected tractor models and the mean model derived.
Keywords: Maintenance; modeling; Repair; Tractor; 55HP to 80HP.
*Corresponding authors: Farid Eltom AbdallahÂ
Cite this article
Abdallah et al., 2014. Estimation of repair and maintenance cost of a tractor base on HP and working hours: Case study of Sudan. Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences. 1:1 [View Full-Text] [Citations]
Title: Estimation of repair and maintenance cost of a tractor base on HP and working hours: Case study of Sudan Authors: Farid Eltom Abdallah, Ding Weiming, Mohamed Hassan Dahab, A.E. Idris, Mohammad Alhadi Pages: Article 1
Copyright © Abdallah et al., 2014. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and source are appropriately cited and credited.
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1. Introduction
Agricultural farming systems are becoming expensive due to the high repair and maintenance costs of agricultural tractors. Tractor are the main source of farm power, and have nearly replaced all other machines for the most vigorous and time-consuming operations. Since agricultural tractors are used to carry out static and dynamic operations under different farm conditions, they are subject to many failures and breakdowns caused by direct and indirect factors. Tractor breakdowns were mainly due to age, wear and tear, accidents, materials and design error, irregular maintenance and incorrect use and repair of damages. Failures of tractor parts are inevitable due to nature of mechanical components and harsh working conditions. Therefore, it is important that the tractor should receive regular care or maintenance to reduce failures and extra costs and to protect the machine from wearing down quickly.
Poor and irregular maintenance reduces tractor reliability, increases fuel consumption, deceases engine power and life and increases exhaust emission. In Sudan, agricultural tractors introduced in early nineteen-nineties and there are many tractor makes, models and sizes now distributed between irrigated and rain-fed agricultural farms. These tractors are owned by people from both the private and public sectors and even some are owned by individual farmers and they often work for more than 1200 hours per year (FAO, 1995).
Tractors have been used in Sudan, as a power source in agriculture for many years. The total number of tractors officially imported into the country between 1984 and 1994 increased from 23,590 units to 32,096 units (FAO, 1995). In Sudan, machinery repair, maintenance, and fuel and lubricants consumption is not given enough attention. About 40% of farm machinery was out of work very quickly due to lack of proper maintenance and unavailability of genuine spare parts or using of spurious and no genuine spare parts of low prices.
Keshavarzpour has find that the data of an Agribusiness Company in Iran were used to determine regression model(s). The statistical results of the study indicated that in order to predict accumulated R and M costs of U-650 tractors with service life of 1970 h or less the power regression model Y= 0.0377 (X/100) with R = 0.982 and to predict accumulated R and M costs of U-650 tractors with service 1.5451 2 life of 1970 h or more the polynomial regression model Y = 0.0056 (X/100) -0.2205 (X/100) + 6.9088 with R = 0.99722 can be suitably recommended (Keshavarzpour, 2011).
Machinery costs and control are very important. Custom charges are often based upon them. No one should do custom work unless the charge will cover operating costs and use-related depreciation plus a return for one’s risk and time. Ideally, all allocated per acre or hour overhead costs should also be covered by anyone offering to do custom work. The market for custom work usually does not cover all costs and is usually between the use-related costs and total costs (Lazarus, 2009).
Also (Rashidi and Ranjbar, 2011) find The statistical results of the study indicated that in order to predict accumulated R and M costs of MF-285 tractors with service life of 2275 h or less the power regression model Y = 0.0187 (X/100) with R = 0.966 and to predict accumulated 1.6381 R2 and M costs of MF-285 tractors with service life of 2275 h or more the polynomial regression model Y = 0.0049 (X/100) – 0.2228 (X/100) + 5.0759 with R = 0.997 can be properly suggested (Rashidi and Ranjbar, 2011)
Prediction of repair and maintenance costs has significant impacts on proper economic decisions making of machinery managers, such as machine’s replacement and substitution (Rohani, 2011). Some mathematical relations were developed in Sudan for repair and maintenance costs estimation for agricultural tractors (Ahmed et al., 1999; Rahma 1999; Dahab and Osama 2002). They are varied in structural components due to differences in tractors specifications and conditions and locations of work, therefore, it is difficult to depend on one mathematical model for proper repair and maintenance management decisions. The aims objectives of this study were: (i) to specify the types of failures and repair and maintenance costs for different systems in the selected tractor make. (ii) to develop appropriate mathematical models relating accumulated repair and maintenance costs for the hours of use with different power sizes for four selected tractor models (iii) to compare the derived model with other existing models in the country and other countries.
2. Materials and Methods
The data of the study was collected from three sites namely Gezira Agricultural scheme, Blue Nile state and North Kordofan State, which are described as follows:
2.1 Gezira Agricultural scheme
It is located in the central clay plain between the Blue Nile and White Nile of the Central Sudan. It is the first largest irrigated scheme and it covers about 9240 Km2 or 924000 ha. Topographically the area is flat with few isolated small rocky hills (FAO, 1995).
2.2 Optimization experiments Blue Nile State
Blue Nile state lies between latitude 9.30 – 13.34 North with 33.8 – 35.15 South, approximately in area of 36,708.5 km2 included 2500 Km2 or 252000 Hectares. good for growing crops.
Fig. 1: Farmtrac 80HP [FT80],Farmtrac 70HP [FT70], Farmtrac 60HP [FT60] & Powertrac 55HP [PT55].
2.3 North Kordofan State
North Kordofan State lies between longitudes 21.2-23 East and 56.30 – 26 West and latitudes 36.16 – 16 North and 14 – 12 South and approximately in an area of 244,700 km2.Â
 2.4 Tractors
There are many models of tractors working in the three states under the study. FT 80, FT70, FT 60 and PT 55 tractors are one of the common makes available in these areas and are chosen to carry out this study. The power of these tractors mostly in the range of 45-72hp the total number of the selected tractors for the study is 100 units. The technical specifications of the four tractor models are shown in table 1.
Many sources were used to collect data concerning tractor repair and maintenance costs. Tractor owners companies, agricultural inspectors, mechanics, manufacturer’s catalogues and tractors dealers. All these were interviewed and some data was collected from the field.
2.5 Data Collection
A questionnaire was prepared to collect the required data then a survey was carried out in the site of the study to interview the target sources of data. The questionnaire included following information:
Initial purchase price (SDG), Annual hours of use (hr) , Annual repair costs (SDG). Annual maintenance costs (SDG), Maintenance time (hr), Annual number of repairs, Labor cost/year (SDG) and Causes of failures and breakdowns types.
2.6 Parameters calculation
2.6.1. Annual hours of use
The mean annual hours of use of each model were calculated. The total accumulated hours of use were calculated by summation of the total mean annual hours of use – which was calculated on the basis of effective working hours of the tractor – up to the last year of the age for each of the selected tractor model (Ward et al. 1985).
Table 2: Mean repair and maintenance costs (SDGx1000) distributor 2.6.2 Annual repair rate and costs determination
The annual repair costs which include spare parts prices and labor cost were recorded, and then the mean repair cost for each selected tractor model was calculated for the study period.
2.6.3 Maintenance costs calculation
The annual maintenance which includes, changing oils, greasing, cleaning, changing of filters, and labor cost for maintenance were recorded. The annual maintenance costs were calculated according to market prices of oils, greases, filters and small adjustments.
The accumulated maintenance costs were calculated by summation of the mean annual costs and time for all years for each age model of the selected tractors (Ward et al. 1985).Â
2.6.4 Accumulated repair and maintenance costs computation
The annual repair and maintenance costs for each age model were calculated as follows:
Annual repair and maintenance costs = annual repair costs + annual maintenance costs.
Tractors of the same models and age were grouped together and the annual repair and maintenance costs of these groups were calculated, then the annual repair and maintenance costs were expressed as percentage of the initial purchase price of the tractor model for the period of study. Statistical analysis was performed using the computer statistical package (SPSS) and excel software to perform the correlation regression relations, Regression analysis of data for all tractors was done using Version, 16.0. Linear, exponential, power and polynomial regression types were tried (Keshavarzpour, 2011).
3. Results and Discussion
Tractor systems failures and repair and maintenance distribution during the period of study. The results of data surveyed showed that the mean repair and maintenance costs of different systems for the four tractor models studied generally increased with age, but the rate of increase varies for the different systems (Table 2). However, the mean repair and maintenance cost of the four tractor models showed higher repair and maintenance costs occurred from year 5-10 (Fig. 2). The engine and hydraulic unit with for more than 60% of the total repair and maintenance cost for tractor FT80 and FT60. In general the difference between four tractors subsystems may be due to the rainfed agricultural areas must be given more breakdowns since the operation condition are different from those of irrigated areas and may be due to variation in soil type.
3.1 Repair and maintenance costs prediction math model development
Regression analysis of the data was carried out to represent the relation between the mean accumulated R&M cost as percent of purchase price and the mean accumulated hours of use of the four tractor models, the model of linear, polynomial, logarithmic, power and exponential with correlation coefficient of related to itself (Table 3). The highest value of correlation coefficient among the presented models is related to polynomial model with R2 = 0.99 and after that power model with R2 = 0.89 which is very close to the previous correlation. In the most published studies in this field, power models were found easy in calculations and gave better cost predictions than the other models.
The correlation regression method was used for data analysis. Fig.3 The power function was found to be the best fit for the four tractors models studied, and accounted for 99% of the observed variations in accumulated repair and maintenance costs for each of the four models as shown in Tables 3 and 4 .Table 5 was shown Accumulated repair and maintenance costs as percentage of initial purchase price as affected by accumulated hours of use of the selected tractors model.
The model of the mean accumulated repair and maintenance costs predicted in this study was compared to the other similar models from Ireland, UK and Iran as shown in Table 6 and Fig 4. It is clear that the derived model accounted for relatively lower values of accumulated repair and maintenance costs compared to the above mentioned models (Hess and Morris, 1988, Ward et al., 1985, Khoub, 2008).
This variation may be attributed to the differences in spare parts prices between Sudan and the industrial countries, or may be due to variations in soil type, climate, preventive maintenance program applied and operation conditions. This lower value of repair and maintenance costs may be also due to the procurement and usage of spurious and non-genuine spare parts, variations in tractors technical specifications and lower labor charges for repairing and maintaining tractors in Sudan compared to the industrial countries.
When the model of this study is compared to Dahab and Osama (2002) model for repair and maintenance costs, it was clear that the estimates of the present model accounted for lower values (Dahab and Osama 2002) Up to 2011 accumulated hours of use, after which this model accounted for higher value. This may be attributed to variations in tractors specifications, ages and makes.Â
The comparison between this model and Rahama (1999) prediction showed that the present model accounted for higher values of repair and maintenance costs than (Rahama1999) for all levels of conditions, operators and mechanics skills, maintenance regime followed and labor charges for repairing and maintaining tractors. The difference may also be attributed to differences in tractors technical specifications and cost computations methodology. (Table.7, Fig5).
4. Conclusion
This following conclusions were drawn from the present study: The relationship between accumulated repair and maintenance costs as percentage of the initial purchase price of the tractor (y) and accumulated hours of use (x) for the four tractor models in the three states (Gezira Agricultural Scheme, Blue Nile State and North Kordofan State) as follows:
FT80 | y = (5.0 x1.25)10-4 |
FT70 | y = (0.5 x1.44)10-4 |
FT60 | y = (1.0 x1.39)10-4 |
PT55 | y = (0.2 x1.49)10-4 |
mean | y = (2.9 x1.9)10-6 |
- The accumulated repair and maintenance costs increase with tractor age and hours of use.
- The predicted models for repair and maintenance costs of tractors in Sudan were lower than those of other countries.
Further studies must be carried out to cover more areas of the country and more tractors makes to achieve precise estimations for repair and maintenance costs for different types of soil under different operations conditions. The governmental companies and schemes that deal with agricultural tractors must concentrate on the effects of repair and maintenance costs determination on the economic life of agricultural tractors, and therefore must keep very precise records about them. Because the source of data was only personal contact, this model may be regarded as an approximation for repair and maintenance costs in the area of study.
.
Acknowledgment: This work was partially financed by the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khartoum University. The authors would like to thanks Danfodio commercial company dealer of Tractors in Sudan. Also thanks Dr. Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag & Eng. Sawsan Hamed and reviewers for their very helpful comments.
Competing Interest: Authors declare that they have no competing interests and commercial names and details of machines and equipments are for the guidelines only.
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