Host Plant Suitability of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Four Plant Species

Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences (JEAS). Erdogan, 2024. 26(1&2):XX.

Open Access – Research Article

Host Plant Suitability of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Four Plant Species

Pervin Erdogan

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Gultepe, Mecnun Otyakmaz Cd No:1, 58000 Sivas Merkez, Sivas, Türkiye


Abstract:  Tomato leaf miner [Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelehiidae)] is a major pest causing significant losses in tomato crops. This study investigated the host plant potential, and growth and development of T. absoluta when fed on four plant species, including three Solanaceous (Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum tuberosum L.) species and a species from Chenopodiaceae family (Chenopodium album L.). Egg hatching, larval, pupal and total development periods of T. absoluta were recorded to assess the completed life cycle of T. absoluta.  Results showed that T. absoluta fed on solanaceous plants successfully completed its life cycle. However, its lifecycle remained incomplete on C. album, causing mortality, during the egg stage. Tomato leaf miner completed their toral life span in the shortest duration when S. nigrum was used as the host plant, while life duration was similar in the case of S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum host plants. The highest survival rate (38.34%) of tomato leaf miners was observed on S. nigrum plant, followed by S. nigrum (36.67%), S. lycopersicum (33.34%). Contrarily C. album (Amaranthaceae family)  proved to be an unsuitable host plant for T. absolute, highlighting the importance of host plant selection in managing this pest.

Keywords: Tomato leaf miner, Host plant preference, development period, pest management.
*Corresponding author: Pervin Erdogan

Cite this article as:

Erdogan, P. 2024. Host Plant Suitability of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on Four Plant Species. Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences. 26 (1&2): xx-xx [View FullText] [Citations]. 


Copyright © Erdogan, 2024  This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and source are appropriately cited and credited.


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Competing Interest Statement: The authors have declared that they have no competing interests and there is no conflict of interest exists.


1. Introduction
Tomato [(Solanum lycopersicum) (Solanaceae)], is an edible herbaceous plant that originated from South and Central America and is widely cultivated across the world (Fuentes et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2020). Tomato fruits are a significant source of vitamins including vitamins C and D, and are rich in beneficial phytochemicals including lycopene and glycoalkaloids (Perveen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2023).
Tomato production is susceptible to various diseases and pests, causing significant crop losses (Gatahi, 2020; Kennedy, 2003; Panno et al., 2021). Tomato leaf miner [(Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelehiidae)] is among the most destructive pests causing substantial damage to tomato crops. The larvae of T. absoluta destroy the tomato canopy by burrowing into the leaves, buds, and shoots. Moreover, they also damage flowers, and fruits (Biondi et al., 2018; Pandey et al., 2023; Yadav et al., 2022). Under favorable conditions, this pest can potentially cause complete failure of tomato crops (Chouikhi et al., 2023; Cocco et al. 2015; Negi et al., 2018).

Though tomato is the most preferred host of T. absoluta, it has also been reported to infest potato, brinjal, common bean, tobacco, and many other plants of the families Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Amaranthaceae (Bawin et al., 2015; Negi et al., 2018). T. absoluta is a highly prolific species with wide adaptability and capable of rapid growth under favorable conditions (Guenaoui et al., 2010; Terzidis et al., 2014).

Tomato plant volatiles  are more attractive to the female moths, especially leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, than to males (Biondi et al., 2018; Subramani et al. 2021). Olfactometer assay demonstrate a strong preference among female moths for the volatiles emitted by tomato plants. This preference plays a crucial role in their oviposition behavior. Subsequently, female moths tend to lay more eggs on tomato plants than on other Solanaceous hosts like potato and eggplant (Chen et al., 2023; Mandour et al., 2020).

T. absoluta is a highly prolific and adaptable species, capable of rapid growth under favorable conditions. As a multivoltine pest with overlapping life cycles, it grows well under suitable environments that support its development (Ong’onge et al., 2023; Vivekanandhan et al., 2024). Despite having a strong predisposition preference for tomato, T. absoluta is an oligophagous pest that can infest the aerial parts of various other Solanaceous host plants, including weeds, potatoes, eggplant, pepino, and tobacco (Idriss et al., 2020; Konan et al., 2022; Pandey et al., 2023).

The successful invasion of T. absoluta can be attributed to its primary biological traits, including high reproductive capacity, the ability to produce multiple generations each year, and a short generation time (de Campos et al., 2021; Mansour et al., 2019). Adults, eggs, larvae, and pupae are the four life cycle stages of T. absoluta. The optimum temperature range for development throughout these stages is between 19°C and 25°C. This temperature range is aligned with the average daily temperatures generally observed during the tomato growing season.  Under these thermal conditions T. absoluta. Can potentially produce nine to twelve generations throughout the year, depending on diverse factors including agroclimatic conditions, crop management and host plant characteristics (Desneux et al. 2022; Mohamed et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2021; Tabikha et al., 2015).

T. absoluta affects all parts of host plant, leaves, blossoms, stems, and fruits, from seedlings to fully grown plants. Larvae feed on mesophyll tissues, creating distinct galleries filled with larval excrement leading to browning, necrosis, reduced functional leaf area, structural damage and impaired photosynthesis (Pandey et al., 2023; Uygun and Ozguven, 2024). This can result in severe yield losses, including complete fruit damage, if not properly managed (Aynalem, 2022; Loyani et al., 2021).

The emergence and success of invasive phytophagous insects in specific agroclimatic conditions depend on their ability to locate and adapt to new host plants, influencing their development, reproduction, and interactions with host plants (de la Masselière et al., 2017; Skendžić et al., 2021).  However, physiological and behavioral of insects limit the host range (Bodlah et al., 2023; Idriss et al., 2020; Suckling et al. 2014).

In addition to the current impediment to global tomato production, T. absoluta is also a threat to other cultivated species of Solanaceae, including black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Desneux et al., 2022; Subramani et al., 2021; Mohamed et al., 2015).

T. absoluta was also reported to infest non-solanaceous host plants, such as Malva spp. (M. cathayensis, M. pusilla, M. verticillate (Caponero 2009), Vicia faba L. (Abdul-Ridha et al. 2012), Chenopodium album L. (Portakaldali et al., 2013), and Volvulus arvensis L. (Portakaldali et al., 2013). Moreover, numerous wild plant species, often found in urban areas, logged regions, croplands, and wastelands (Lambinon et al., 2004), may serve as alternate host plants for T. absoluta., supporting pest survival and spread.

The potential to exploit these diverse conditions and host plants describes the adaptability and resilience of T. absoluta as an invasive pest (Desneux et al., 2022; Pandey et al., 2023). This broad host range complicates management efforts and poses significant challenges to crop productivity. This emphasizes the significance of its efficient monitoring and management (Colmenárez et al., 2022; Vivekanandhan et al., 2024).

This study was designed to evaluate the development and life span of T. absoluta from egg to adult on both cultivated and wild plants including potential hosts from the Solanaceae and Amaranthaceae.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Host Plants

The tomato (cv Daffodil) and potato (cv Agria) plants used in the experiment were grown in pots in the greenhouse. Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum plants were freshly collected from unsprayed fields when necessary.

2.2. Tuta absoluta culture

Larvae of T. absoluta were collected from tomato greenhouses in Adana, Turkey. The tomato plant and T. absoluta larvae were maintained in a 50 × 50 × 30 cm cage. Newly emerged adults were transferred to separate cages containing tomato plants (cv Daffodil) grown in greenhouses. T. absoluta cultures were maintained in a climate-controlled room (25±1ºC, 65±5% R.H., with a photoperiod of 16 h light: 8 h dark).

2.3. Experiment procedure

Female and male pupae (10 each) were collected from larvae reared on the tomato plant. When adults emerged, moths were provided a sucrose solution (10 % sucrose) and allowed to mate for one day in a cage. Subsequently, one-day-old eggs were placed in Petri dishes (3.5 cm diameter) containing moistened disc cotton and a 3 cm leaf disc from the experimental plants ((Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum nigrum, and Chenopodium album). A total of 60 eggs per plant species were used, with each egg placed in a separate petri dish (Fig.1). Observations included the duration of egg hatching, larva instar, pupas instar and the total development period from egg to adult.

2.4. Choice and No-Choice Tests

To evaluate the feeding behavior of 3rd instar larvae on C. album, both choice and no-choice tests were conducted. In the choice test, one leaf of C. album and one leaf of S. lycopersicum were placed in a Petri dish (9 cm) lined with moistened cotton wool. However, in the no-choise test, only C. album leaves were provided. Five larvae were introduced into each Petri dish, with four replicates for each test condition. Daily observations were conducted to monitor larval feeding behavior. All experiments were conducted in a climate-controlled room (maintained at 25±1ºC, 65±5% R.H., with a photoperiod of 16 h light:8 h dark).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The obtained results were analyzed using analysis of variance, and means were compared with Duncan’s test (P = 0.05) using SPSS version 20.6.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Choice and No-Choice Tests

T. absoluta eggs deposited on four different plant species successfully completed their development only on S. lycopersicum, S. tuberosum and S. nigrum plants. A very low emergence rate (8.33%) was observed for larvae from eggs laid on C. album plants, but none of these larvae died before completing their development (Fig. 2b).

The rest of the eggs all dried up before they were hatching. T. absoluta eggs laid on four different plant leaves completed their development only in S. lycopersicum, S. tuberosum and S. nigrum plants.

Egg hatching period of S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum were 3.87, 4.54 and 5.10 days, respectively. In all three plants, the larvae hatched from eggs made galleries in the leaves and fed healthily. Statistical analyses revealed a difference between the egg hatching period. Accordingly, the egg hatching period determined in S. nigrum and S. lycopopersicum plants were in the same group, while S. tuberosum plant formed different group (Table 1) (F= 87.44; p<0,05).

The period of larva instar was determined on S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum plants. The data obtained are given in Table 1. Accordingly, the average larval period was 9.53 days in S. nigrum, 12.83 days in L. lycopersicum and 13.06 days in S. tuberosum. According to the statistical analyses, the data obtained from S. nigrum and S. lycopersicum plants were in the same group, while S. tuberosum plants were in different groups (F=50.96; p<0.05).

The period of pupa instar was determined as 8.01 days in S. nigrum, 8.54 days in L. lycopersicum and 9.03 days in S. tuberosum. In statistical analyses in terms of the period of pupa instar, S. tuberosum plants were in different group and L. lycopersicum and S. nigrum plants were in the same group. (Table 1) (F=11.16; p<0.05).

The total development time from egg to adult was 23.24, 28 and 27.80 days in S. nigrum, L. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum plants, respectively (Table 1).

The development stage indicated that the survival rates of S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum, and S. tuberosum plants from egg to adult were 38.34, 36.67, 33.34 and 0.00 days, respectively (Table 1).

In addition, in the no-choise and chose tests using 3rd instar larvae, it was determined that all larvae on C. album plants died. In the choise test, the larvae were fed with L. lycopersicum leaves. No larvae fed on C. album leaves (Fig. 2a, b). Therefore, no statistical analysis was performed in this experiment.

In previous studies, T. absoluta prefers tomato as its host it also attacks a number of other of solanaceous crops including Solanum melongena L., Solanum tuberosum L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Solanum aethiopicum L. (EPPO 2005; Pereyra & Sánchez, 2006; Caparros Megido et al., 2013a; Negi et al., 2018; Cherif et al., 2019).

It was recorded that the hatching time of T. absoluta eggs in tomato plants was around 4-5 days (EPPO, 2005; Torrest et al., 2001). Similarly, in the study conducted by ErdoÄŸan & BabaroÄŸlu (2014), it was determined that the average egg hatching time in tomato plants was 4.10 days. Idriss et al. (2020) revealed that the egg hatching period on S. lycopersicum plants was 6.8 days. In the same study, it was recorded that the egg hatching period was 6.6 days in S. nigrum plants. According to the results of the study conducted by Bawin et al. (2015), it was reported that T. absoluta eggs hatching in 4.3 days in S. tuberosum plant. In the same study, it was determined as 3.8 days in Solanum dulcamara, which is in the same family with S. nigrum.

According to the results obtained from our study, the period of larva instar was 9.53, 12.83 and 13.06 days in S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum plants, respectively. Our study results were similar to those reported for T. absoluta. Torrest et al. (2001) who stated the period of larvae instar of T. absoluta was 12 and 16 days at 27 ºC. Pereyra & Sanches (2006) reported that the period of larvae instar of T.absoluta was 12.14 days at 25±1ºC S.lycopersicum . It was found that the period of larvae instar was 13-15 days S. lycopersicum (EPPO, 2005). Similarly, in the study conducted by Erdoğan & Babaroğlu (2014), the period of larva instar in S. lycopersicum plants was determined as 10.97 days. In another study, the period of larva instar in S. tuberosum and S. dulcamara was 8.5 and 11.8, respectively (Bawin et al. 2015). Also, according to İdriss et al. (2020), the period of larva instar was 10.9 days in S. lycopersicum and 12.3 days in S. nigrum.

In our results, the period of pupa instar was 8.01, 8.54 and 9.03 days in S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum plants, respectively. There are studies that are in parallel with the results obtained in our study. Erdoğan & Babaroğlu (2014) found that the period of pupa instar was 9.53 days in tomato plants. It was determined that the period of pupae instar of T.absoluta 7-9 days (Torrest et al. 2001). Moreover, according to Idriss et al. (2020), the period of pupa instar of T.absoluta was 10.8 and 10.7 days in S. lycopersicum and S. nigrum plants, respectively.  It was revealed that the period of pupal instar of T.absoluta was recorded as 7.6 and 9.2 on  in S. tuberosum and S. dulcamara plants, respectively (Bawin et al. 2015).

At 25ºC, the average development time for S. lycopersicum, S. nigrum, and S. tuberosum plants was 28.0 days, 23.24 days, and 27.80 days, respectively, from egg to adult. Similar to our study results, Bawin et al. (2015) reported that the egg to adult period was 24.8 days in S. dulcamara, which is from the same family as S. nigrum. In the same study, egg to adult period was determined as 20.04 in S. tuberosum. Under optimal conditions in S. lycopersicum plant, T. absoluta total period developed in about 30.18 days (Erdoğan & Babaroglu, 2014). EPPO (2005) reported that T. absoluta egg to adult total period 30 days. Barriontes et al. (1998) reported that average development time of T. absoluta was 23.8 days at 27.1ºC. In another study, Cuthberthson (2011) reported that the development from egg to adult was 35 days at 25 ºC. According to Idriss (2020), the total development time of T. absoluta was 29.0 days and 27.9 days in S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum. In our study, a completely opposite result was obtained. The full development time from egg to adult was 28.0 days in S. lycopersicum and 23.24 days in S. nigrum.

It was observed that there were differences between the life stages and development periods of T. absoluta in different plant species and that the eggs never opened and did not feed in C. album. This disparity in survival could be caused by defense systems in reaction to oviposition or by the morphology of the plant, which could affect the development of the embryo. For example, desiccation of the leaves may result from low humidity on the leaf surface caused by stomatal closure or hypersensitive response (Woods 2010; Hilker & Meiners 2011, Bawin et al., 2015).  According to Shapiro and DeVay (1987), it was discovered that Brassica nigra (Linnaeus) Koch (Brassicaceae) produced a leaf necrotic zone at the base of the eggs of Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) and P. napi (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), desiccating the eggs. Plant tissues may also include volatile and contact compounds that could affect an embryo’s growth (Hilker & Meiners 2011). Another theory is that females responded to a low-quality host plant by devoting less resources to the embryos, which clearly affects the performance of the progeny (Boggs 1992). A proper diet quality is associated to herbivorous insects’ high survival rates and quick growth times (Awmack & Leather 2002; Pereyra & Sánchez 2006).

Our findings indicate that non-solanaceous plant species is unlikely to be T. absoluta host because none of the evaluated plant was able to support larval growth. According to Proffit et al. (2011), T. absoluta females employ volatile organic chemicals in plants to judge plant quality, which may have led them astray during host selection. Furthermore, the larval host plant had substantial impact on the growth time of T. absoluta from egg to adult emergence, as individuals raised on S. nigrum grew quicker than the others. The larval instar, or feeding stage, is the primary factor influencing insect development in the absence of abiotic and biotic stress. This suggests that variations in the quality of nutrients and/or the production of plant metabolites may have a negative impact on larval development (Bawin et al., 2015).

In the present study, it was revealed that T. absoluta did not feed on C. album. There are results that are parallel to our studies. For example, Bawin et al. (2016) found that many plant species (Calystegia sepium, Convolvulus arvensis, Beta vulgaris vulgaris, Vicia paba), including C. album, are not suitable hosts of T. absoluta, do not develop, and do not lay eggs. In the same study, it was noted that the eggs laid on these plants could not feed on the plant. According to Garcia & Espul (1982), T. absoluta was able to finish developing on a few wild Solanaceae species, such as Nicotiana glauca, S. nigrum, S. elaeagnifolium, Lycopersicum puberulum, Datura ferox, and D. stramonium. Galarza (1984) demonstrated that T. absoluta did not lay eggs on any of the Solanaceous species, including D. ferox, Physalis viscosa, and Salpichroa origanifolia. T. absoluta was prevented from completing its life cycle by Datura stramonium (Bawin et al., 2015; Abbes et al., 2016). In addition, plants such as Geranium robertianum and C. pepo did not show any development (Ingegno et al., 2017).

There are studies with different results from our findings. Portakaldalı et al. (2013) reported that vinegar grass was also found among the hosts of T. absoluta, and this finding was the first record. Similarly, in the study conducted by Ögür et al. (2014), it was reported that C. album is the host of T. absoluta. There is no literature on the feeding of T. absoluta with C. album. Thus, it was determined that T. absoluta was hosted by S. nigrum, S. lycopersicum, and S. tuberosum plants of the Solanaceae family and that the C. abum plant of the Amaranthaceae family could not be the host.

4. Conclusion

The most ideal host plant for T. absoluta was determined to be Solanum nigrum and tomato in the current investigation; nevertheless, the pest also established and flourished on other hosts, including potato. This host requires constant observation for the pest since they can be crucial to the miner’s survival, population growth, and overwintering. On C. album, the pest did not, however, exhibit any growth. Consequently, it was discovered that the pest can only host S. nigrum, tomato, and potato plants; it is not capable of hosting C. album plants.

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